Free Space Loss Example

Fresnel Zone Example

Notes:

• The Fresnel Zone is the area around the visual line-of-sight that radio waves spread out into after they leave the antenna. You want a clear line of sight to maintain signal strength, especially for 2.4 GHz wireless systems. This is because 2.4 GHz waves are absorbed by water, like the water found in trees.
• Typically, 20% Fresnel Zone blockage introduces little signal loss to the link. Beyond 40% blockage, signal loss will become significant.
• This calculation is based on a flat earth. It does not take the curvature of the earth into consideration. The effect of this is to budge the earth in the middle of the link. It is recommended for long links to have a microwave path analysis done that takes this and the topography of the terrain into account.
• The formula for determining the radius of the widest point of the fresnel zone (in meters) is:
  17.32 * square root of (d/4f)
  where d is the distance (in kilometers) between the two antennas and f is the frequency (in GHz) at which you are transmitting.
• The formula for determining the radius of the widest point of the fresnel zone (in feet) is:
  72.05 * square root of (d/4f)
  where d is the distance (in miles) between the two antennas and f is the frequency (in GHz) at which you are transmitting.

Downtilt Coverage Example

Notes:

• Horizon means that the -3dB point on the main lobe shoots off into the horizon and does not touch the earth (assuming flat terrain.)

Antenna Downtilt Example

Notes:

• Horizon means that the -3dB point on the main lobe shoots off into the horizon and does not touch the earth (assuming flat terrain.)
• The formula for calculating the distance is
  ( (Hb - Hr) / Tan A ) / 5280
  where A is the angle
• The formula for calculating the angle is
  Tan^-1 * ( (Hb - Hr)/ (D * 5280) )
  where D is the distance